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东北地区暖季小时降水区域特征分析

Analysis of hourly precipitation characteristics during the warm season over different districts of Northeast China

  • 摘要: 东北地区洪涝灾害频发且降水的空间分布差异大,为揭示东北不同区域精细降水特征,利用2009—2021年暖季(5—9月)东北地区1 611个国家气象观测站小时降水资料,首先分析了降水量、降水频率、降水强度和持续时间等特征的平均空间分布,利用E指数拟合法研究了不同区域降水强度的差异及其代表区域的降水特征与海拔高度的关系,然后按照降水特征量的峰值时间及振幅分析了4个典型区域降水的平均日变化特征及不同持续时间降水事件的日变化特征,最后分析了东北地区降水的对称性并按照强降水事件峰值时间合成分析了2个典型区域降水的时间演变特征。结果表明:(1)东北地区降水量、降水频率总体呈现东多西少分布,小时雨强平原强于山地,降水量、降水频率随海拔高度升高增加,大兴安岭地区降水量相比其他地区较小,且降水量、降水频率随海拔高度升高减少;(2)东北地区大部分站点降水量、降水强度均为下午单峰值特征,以短历时强降水为主,东北平原部分地区和长白山地区降水频率在夜间至清晨达到峰值,长白山地区多为长历时弱降水;(3)基于小时降水峰值时刻的合成分析表明,东北地区强降水峰值前后表现出一定的不对称性,即降水能较快达到峰值,达到峰值后能维持较长时间,而长白山地区降水演变的不对称性弱于其他地区。

     

    Abstract: Northeast China (NEC) has frequent flood disasters and significant spatial distribution differences in precipitation. In order to reveal precise precipitation characteristics of different regions in NEC, based on the hourly precipitation dataset of 1 611 national automatic weather stations over NEC in warm seasons (from May to September) from 2009 to 2021, the article first analyses spatial distribution of precipitation amount, frequency, intensity and duration, and studies characteristics of intensity structure in different districts via E-index fitting method and the relationship between precipitation characteristics and altitude in representative districts. Then, the diurnal characteristics of precipitation and precipitation events with different durations precipitation in four typical districts in NEC are analyzed based on the peak time and amplitude of precipitation characteristics. Finally, the symmetry of precipitation in NEC is analyzed, and the asymmetry and temporal evolution characteristics of precipitation characteristics in two typical districts are synthesized and analyzed based on the peak time of heavy precipitation events. The results are as follows:(1) The precipitation and frequency in NEC show a distribution of more in the east and less in the west, while the hourly precipitation intensity is stronger in plains than in mountains, with both precipitation amount and frequency increasing as the altitude rises. Precipitation over Greater Khingan Mountain is relatively weak, with both precipitation amount and frequency decreasing as the altitude rises. (2) Both the diurnal peaks of precipitation amount and precipitation intensity occur in the afternoon over most of NEC, which is dominated by short-duration strong precipitation, while the diurnal peak of precipitation frequency occurs in the midnight and early morning over NEC plains and Changbai Mountain, which is mainly contributed by long-duration weak precipitation in Changbai Mountain area. (3) Based on the composite peak time of the precipitation process, certain asymmetry is found before and after the peak of strong precipitation events in the Northeast region, where precipitation can reach the peak quickly and maintain for a long time after reaching the peak. The asymmetry of precipitation evolution over Changbai Mountain is weaker than that of other regions.

     

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