Analysis of the precipitation characteristics based on the national and provincial meteorological stations datas in Liaoning Province in recent 16 years

To understand the differences in precipitation observation data of different precisions and give full play of fine precipitation observation for the early warning of heavy precipitation, the daily and hourly precipitation data from 61 national meteorological stations (referred to as national stations) and 1,785 provincial meteorological stations (referred to as provincial stations) in Liaoning Province from 2007 to 2022 were utilized in this study. The distribution characteristics of monthly and flood season precipitation, maximum daily precipitation, the number of rainstorm days, and the annual rain-waterlogging index of the two stations were compared. The main results are as follows. (1) The monthly and flood season precipitation of national stations and provincial stations in Liaoning Province showed good consistency and significant correlation from 2007 to 2022. The precipitation in the flood season showed an increasing trend, with the increasing rate at provincial stations being faster than that of national stations. The average rainfall in the flood season of the two types of stations was similar, but a significant difference in extreme precipitation existed. The maximum precipitation in the flood season at provincial stations was higher than that at national stations. (2) The interannual variations in the extreme and average values of the maximum daily precipitation at the two types of stations were relatively consistent, showing an increasing trend. The spatial distributions of maximum daily precipitation at the two types of stations also agreed with each other, though provincial stations in central and eastern Liaoning Province exhibited more localized high-value and low-value centers than national stations. Heavy precipitation was more likely to occur in August in Liaoning Province. Most of the maximum daily precipitation extremes occurred at provincial stations, which showed strong locality and were significantly higher than national stations. (3) Both the number of rainstorm days and the annual rain-waterlogging index of national and provincial stations increased from northwest to southeast. The high-value area of the annual rain-waterlogging index of the two types of stations was mainly located in Dandong and the southeast of Dalian, which are prone to direct and secondary disasters caused by rainstorms. (4) Due to the small number and low spatial resolution of national stations, the extremes of precipitation events are likely to be underestimated. The provincial stations can accurately depict the detailed characteristics of precipitation in the local regions of Liaoning Province and monitor more extreme precipitation events that can not be recorded by national stations.